Zusammenfassung einer Studie (engl)

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Gemeinsame Sorge: Im März Heft von Journal of Family Psychology (Vol 16, No. 1.), herausgegeben von der American Psychological Association (APA), der größten Organisation (155.000 Mitglieder) amerikanischer Psychologen, erschien eine sehr detaillierte statistische Studie (Meta- Analysis von 33 Publikationen) über 1846 Kinder mit einem allein sorgeberechtigten Elternteil (weit überwiegend Mütter) und 814 Kinder, bei denen die Eltern gemeinsame rechtliche Sorge hatten, oder auch das in den USA schon weit verbreitete Modell (joint physical custody)praktizieren, bei dem die Kinder abwechselnd etwa gleich viel Zeit mit beiden Elternteilen verbringen. Einbezogen wurden auch 251 intakte Familien. Es zeigt sich, dass Kinder mit gemeinsamer Sorge in den allermeisten Fällen sich besser entwickeln, weniger Verhaltenstörungen und emotionelle Probleme aufweisen, in der Schule besser vorankommen und ein besseres Selbstwertgefühl
entwickeln. Dabei käme es nicht so sehr darauf an, dass der Wohnort alterniert, sondern, dass die Kinder hinreichend viel Zeit auch mit dem Nichtwohnelternteil (Vater) verbringen können. Gemeinsame Sorge würde den wichtigen Fortbestand des Kontaktes zu beiden Eltern fördern. Breiten Raum nimmt in der Studie auch die Frage elterlicher Konflikt vs. gemeinsame Sorge ein, die sich keineswegs so einfach entscheiden läßt, wie das hierzulande oft scheint ("Kopfschütteln" genügt als Gegenargument.) Obwohl sich zeigt, dass gemeinsame Sorge konfliktmindernd wirkt und auch zur anhaltenden Zufriedenheit beider Eltern beiträgt, ist eine gewisse Preselektion, nämlich dass sich Eltern bei denen von vornherein das Konfliktpotential sehr niedrig war bevorzugt dafür entscheiden, nicht auszuschließen. Dazu wären mehr empirische Studien wünschenswert. Zusätzlich zur zusammenfassenden Pressemitteilung ist auch der gesamte Aufsatz, "Child Adjustment in Joint-Custody Versus Sole-Custody Arrangements: A Meta-Analytic Review," von Robert Bauserman, Ph.D., Journal of Family Psychology, Vol 16, No. 1., mit einer sehr umfangreichen Literaturliste (als pdf file) abrufbar.

Joint custody best for kids after divorce, study says Contact with both parents helps children's behavior, school performance and self-esteem

By Karen S. Peterson
USA TODAY

Children in divorced families tend to do better in joint custody -- either physical or legal -- than those who live and interact with just one parent, says a major new study.

Children in joint-custody settings have fewer behavioral and emotional problems, have higher self-esteem, better family relations and better school performance than children in sole custody, usually with the mother, says the report in the March issue of the Journal of Family Psychology, published by the American Psychological Association.

That does not mean that those in sole custody are ''clinically maladjusted or need some kind of therapy,'' says researcher and psychologist Robert Bauserman of the Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. ''It just means they don't do as well on average.''

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The newest findings are the latest salvo in an ongoing dispute over what is the best arrangement for the children of divorce. This meta-analysis, or scientific study of studies, comes down solidly in favor of both parents sharing all aspects of a child's life, as long as both are capable parents.

The study defines joint custody as either physical custody, in which the youngster spends time with each parent, or shared legal custody, in which the child lives with one parent but both share decision-making and stay involved. This keeps the father in the loop, which helps a child adjust to parental divorce, experts say.

Bauserman examined 33 studies that looked at 1,846 sole-custody and 814 joint-custody children, as well as kids in 251 intact families.

He found that the bulk of the studies show that children in joint-custody arrangements are virtually as well adjusted as those in the intact families, ''probably because joint custody provides the child with an opportunity to have ongoing contact with both parents.''

These findings contradict experts who believe that joint custody disrupts the stability of a child's life, shifting back and forth between parents, or that it exposes the child to two parents who endlessly bicker.

To the contrary, Bauserman speculates that parents who contain their anger at the time of the divorce may self-select into joint custody.

They are quite capable of continuing to parent together without a lot of rancor, Bauserman says. It is the sole-custody parents who report continued high levels of conflict over parenting decisions with ex-partners.

Almost all states offer a joint-custody option, Bauserman says, although many judges still favor maternal custody and oppose joint physical custody.

Alan Booth, a sociologist and researcher at Pennsylvania State University, says Bauserman's research is solid. ''This is very consistent with the things we find. If couples are able to cooperate in joint custody, we would expect the children to do better,'' Booth says.

Although joint custody may sound good, it does not automatically mean parents won't be in continued conflict, warns Lynne Gold-Bikin, past chairman of the American Bar Association Family Law section. ''It is a no-brainer'' that children will do well if their parents both continue to parent well after divorce, she says. But we are talking about parents who, when married, ''couldn't decide on the toothpaste. Why will they get along now?''